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Soil spatial variability impact on the behavior of a reinforced earth wall

Adam HAMROUNI, Daniel DIAS, Badreddine SBARTAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第2期   页码 518-531 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0611-x

摘要： This article presents the soil spatial variability effect on the performance of a reinforced earth wall. The serviceability limit state is considered in the analysis. Both cases of isotropic and anisotropic non-normal random fields are implemented for the soil properties. The Karhunen-Loève expansion method is used for the discretization of the random field. Numerical finite difference models are considered as deterministic models. The Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to obtain the deformation response variability of the reinforced soil retaining wall. The influences of the spatial variability response of the geotechnical system in terms of horizontal facing displacement is presented and discussed. The results obtained show that the spatial variability has an important influence on the facing horizontal displacement as well as on the failure probability.

关键词： reinforced earth wall     geosynthetic     random field     spatial variability     Monte Carlo simulation    

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Fuel variability effect on flickering frequency of diffusion flames

Jizhao LI, Yang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 134-140 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0034-9

摘要： It is known that fuel variability of different gas suppliers may cause combustion instability in a gas turbine combustor. Mechanisms that control the time scale of the heat release oscillations and acoustic pressure perturbations are both physical and chemical in nature, and thus can be influenced by changes in fuel composition. The intent of this study is to investigate the fuel variability on the flickering frequency of diffusion flames in the hope of understanding some of the fundamental aspects of fuel variability effect on the dynamics of combustion. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure with a matrix of methane and propane blends. An optical fibre system was applied to capture simultaneously the flame flickering at two different light frequencies (430 nm and 516 nm), which provided a means of comparing the chemistry change. It was found that the low frequency oscillation of flow and flame structures depended only weakly on the exit velocities of the fuel, while ambient conditions had a significant effect on flickering frequencies and spectrum. The results of using CH and C H as test fuels at different flow rates showed very little variations, with peak frequencies at 11-13 Hz. When the jet flame was not disturbed, harmonics to at least the third mode were obtained in most of these cases. However, the cases which included CH /C H splits of 90/10, 85/15 and 80/20 by volume showed that unstable flickering frequencies and flame harmonics were not observed. When a mixture of methane/propane at a ratio of 1:1 was used the peak flickering frequency was around 6 Hz, and slight disturbance in the environment would cause the harmonics to disappear. Mechanisms thought to produce changes in the dynamic response and frequency harmonics were discussed.

关键词： fuel variability     flickering frequency     diffusion flames     dynamics of combustion    

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Treatment, residual chlorine and season as factors affecting variability of trihalomethanes in small

Roberta DYCK,Geneviève COOL,Manuel RODRIGUEZ,Rehan SADIQ

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第1期   页码 171-179 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0750-1

摘要： Seasonal variability in source water can lead to challenges for drinking water providers related to operational optimization and process control in treatment facilities. The objective of this study is to investigate seasonal variability of water quality in municipal small water systems (<3000 residents) supplied by surface waters. Residual chlorine and trihalomethanes (THM) were measured over seven years (2003–2009). Comparisons are made within each system over time, as well as between systems according to the type of their treatment technologies. THM concentrations are generally higher in the summer and autumn. The seasonal variability was generally more pronounced in systems using chlorination plus additional treatment. Chloroform, total THM (TTHM) and residual chlorine concentrations were generally lower in systems using chlorination plus additional treatment. Conversely, brominated THM concentrations were higher in systems using additional treatment. Residual chlorine was highest in the winter and lowest in the spring and summer. Seasonal variations were most pronounced for residual chlorine in systems with additional treatment. There was generally poor correlation between THM concentrations and concentrations of residual chlorine. Further study with these data will be beneficial in finding determinants and indicators for both quantity and variability of disinfection byproducts and other water quality parameters.

关键词： drinking water     residual chlorine     seasonal variability     small municipal systems     treatment technologies     trihalomethanes    

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Quantifying and mapping spatial variability of Shanghai household carbon footprints

Shangguang YANG,Chunlan WANG,Kevin LO,Mark WANG,Lin LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第1期   页码 115-124 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0348-8

摘要： Understanding the spatial variability of household carbon emissions is necessary for formulating sustainable and low-carbon energy policy. However, data on household carbon emissions is limited in China, the world’s largest greenhouse gases emitter. This study quantifies and maps household carbon emissions in Shanghai using a city-wide household survey. The findings reveal substantial spatial variability in household carbon emissions, especially in transport-related emissions. Low emission clusters are founded in Hongkou, Xuhui, Luwan, Jinshan, and Fengxian. High emission clusters are located in Jiading and Pudong. Overall, the spatial pattern of household carbon emissions in Shanghai is donut-shaped: lowest in the urban core, increasing in the surrounding suburban areas, and declining again in the urban fringe and rural regions. The household emissions are correlated with a number of housing and socioeconomic factors, including car ownership, type of dwelling, size of dwelling, age of dwelling, and income. The findings underscore the importance of a localized approach to low-carbon policy-making and implementation.

关键词： household carbon emissions     spatial variability     energy policy     Shanghai     China    

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Distribution and temporal variability of the solar resource at a site in south-east Norway

Muyiwa S. ADARAMOLA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第4期   页码 375-381 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0426-6

摘要： Globally, solar energy is expected to play a significant role in the changing face of energy economies in the near future. However, the variability of this resource has been the main barrier for solar energy development in most locations around the world. This paper investigated the distribution and variability of solar radiation using the a 10-year (2006 to 2015) data collected at Sørås meteorological station located at latitude 59° 39′ N and longitude 10° 47′E, about 93.3 m above sea level (about 30 km from Oslo), in south-eastern part of Norway. It is found that on annual basis, the total number of days with a global solar radiation of less than 1 kWh/(m ·d) is 120 days while the total number of days with an expected global solar radiation greater than 3 kWh/(m ·d) is 156 days (42.74%) per year. The potential energy output from a horizontally placed solar collector in these 156 days is approximately 75% of the estimated annual energy output. In addition, it is found that the inter-annual coefficient of variation of the global solar radiation is 4.28%, while that of diffuse radiation is 4.96%.

关键词： coefficient of variation     global solar radiation     diffuse ratio     albedo     PV energy systems    

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Shallow foundation response variability due to soil and model parameter uncertainty

Prishati RAYCHOWDHURY,Sumit JINDAL

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第3期   页码 237-251 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0242-1

摘要： Geotechnical uncertainties may play crucial role in response prediction of a structure with substantial soil-foundation-structure-interaction (SFSI) effects. Since the behavior of a soil-foundation system may significantly alter the response of the structure supported by it, and consequently several design decisions, it is extremely important to identify and characterize the relevant parameters. Moreover, the modeling approach and the parameters required for the modeling are also critically important for the response prediction. The present work intends to investigate the effect of soil and model parameter uncertainty on the response of shallow foundation-structure systems resting on dry dense sand. The SFSI is modeled using a beam-on-nonlinear-winkler-foundation (BNWF) concept, where soil beneath the foundation is assumed to be an assembly of discrete, nonlinear elements composed of springs, dashpots and gap elements. The sensitivity of both soil and model input parameters on shallow foundation responses are investigated using first-order second-moment (FOSM) analysis and Monte Carlo simulation through Latin hypercube sampling technique. It has been observed that the degree of accuracy in predicting the responses of the shallow foundation is highly sensitive soil parameters, such as friction angle, Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus, rather than model parameters, such as stiffness intensity ratio and spring spacing; indicating the importance of proper characterization of soil parameters for reliable soil-foundation response analysis.

关键词： shallow foun dation     sensitivity analysis     centrifuge data     first-order-second-moment (FOSM) method     parameter uncertainty    

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Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1455-x

摘要：

• Emissions from 53 in-use diesel-fueled off-road equipment were measured.

关键词： Off-road equipment     Portable emission measurement system (PEMS)     Real-world emissions     Diesel engine    

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Variability of waste copper slag concrete and its effect on the seismic safety of reinforced concrete

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 117-130 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0788-7

摘要： Proven research output on the behavior of structures made of waste copper slag concrete can improve its utilization in the construction industry and thereby help to develop a sustainable built environment. Although numerous studies on waste copper slag concrete can be found in the published literature, no research has focused on the structural application of this type of concrete. In particular, the variability in the strength properties of waste copper slag concrete, which is required for various structural applications, such as limit state design formulation, reliability-based structural analysis, etc., has so far not attracted the attention of researchers. This paper quantifies the uncertainty associated with the compressive-, flexural- and split tensile strength of hardened concrete with different dosages of waste copper slag as fine aggregate. Best-fit probability distribution models are proposed based on statistical analyses of strength data generated from laboratory experiments. In addition, the paper presents a reliability-based seismic risk assessment of a typical waste copper slag incorporated reinforced concrete framed building, considering the proposed distribution model. The results show that waste copper slag can be safely used for seismic resistant structures as it results in an identical probability of failure and dispersion in the drift demand when compared with a conventional concrete building made of natural sand.

关键词： waste copper slag     quantification of variability     goodness-of-fit test     seismic risk assessment     PSDM    

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The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial

Xiaofeng ZHANG,Xu ZHANG,Guanghe LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第2期   页码 269-278 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0672-y

摘要： Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.

关键词： moisture vertical distribution     moisture temporal variation     texture stratification     irrigation     meteorological forcing     urban landscape    

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极区海洋碳池变化性和脆弱性及其探测工程技术

陈立奇

《中国工程科学》 2009年 第11卷 第10期   页码 79-85

摘要：

利用中国南极考察和北极科学考察在南大洋和西北冰洋开展的连续围绕大气和表层海水pCO2及其相关参数观测和海气CO2通量评估，阐述南大洋和西北冰洋碳池的年际变化性，分析探讨其脆弱性，并展望了极区海洋碳池探测工程技术。

关键词： 碳循环     变化性和脆弱性     南大洋     西北冰洋     探测工程技术    

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Nexus security: governance, innovation and the resilient city

Michael Bruce BECK, Rodrigo VILLARROEL WALKER

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第5期   页码 640-657 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0549-5

摘要： Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas: reconciling human needs and wants with access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of weather- and climate-related variability; resilience likewise in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship between resilience in the behavior of natural (ecological) systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance within communities, where such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, which in turn entails successful stewardship of the man-environment relationship. We use insights from this cross-system mapping — across natural, built, and human systems — to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security (or not) and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) recovery systems for sanitation and wastewater treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. We do not conclude, however, that the presence of risk implies nexus security.

关键词： cities as forces for good     climate variability     ecosystem services     energy and nutrient recovery     infrastructure failure     urban metabolism    

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Genetic variability of Appaloosa horses: a study of a closed breeding population from Argentina

Claudia Malena CORBI-BOTTO,Sebastian Andres SADABA,Elina Ines FRANCISCO,Paula Belen KALEMKERIAN,Juan Pedro LIRON,Egle Etel VILLEGAS-CASTAGNASSO,Guillermo GIOVAMBATTISTA,Pilar PERAL-GARCIA,Silvina DIAZ

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第1卷 第3期   页码 175-178 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014019

摘要： The genetic diversity and structure of 72 Appaloosa horses belonging to a closed breeding population from an ecological reserve in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was investigated using eight microsatellite markers from the International Society for Animal Genetics panel. Our data showed that this Appaloosa horse population had an elevated degree of genetic diversity (He= 0.746) and did not present a significant increase of homozygous individuals ( ~0). However, the short tandem repeats, AHT5, ASB2, HTG10 and VHL20, were not in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium ( -value<0.05). Genetic relationships between this population and other well known horse breeds showed that Appaloosa horses from Argentina could have had their origin in the horses of the Nez Perce’s people in Idaho while other Appaloosa horses may have had influences from Andalusian and Lusitano breeds. This closed breeding population conserves an important degree of Appaloosa genetic diversity and notwithstanding its particular breeding characteristics, represents a valuable genetic resource for conservation.

关键词： horse     genetic diversity     microsatellite     Appaloosa     population structure     conservation    

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Reliability assessment of three-dimensional bearing capacity of shallow foundation using fuzzy set theory

Rajarshi PRAMANIK, Dilip Kumar BAIDYA, Nirjhar DHANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第2期   页码 478-489 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0698-8

摘要： The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of reliability theory on surface square/rectangular footing against bearing capacity failure using fuzzy set theory in conjunction with the finite element method. Soil is modeled as a three-dimensional spatially varying medium, where its parameters (cohesion, friction angle, unit weight, etc.) are considered as fuzzy variables that maintain some membership functions. Soil is idealized as an elastic-perfectly plastic material obeying the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, where both associated and non-associated flow rules are considered in estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of the footing. The spatial variability of the soil is incorporated for both isotropic and anisotropic fields, which are determined by the values of scales of fluctuation in both the horizontal and vertical directions. A new parameter namely, limiting applied pressure at zero failure probability is proposed, and it indirectly predicts the failure probability of the footing. The effect of the coefficient of variation of the friction angle of the soil on the probability of failure is analyzed, and it is observed that the effect is significant. Furthermore, the effect of the scale of fluctuation on the probability of failure is investigated, and the necessity for considering spatial variability in the reliability analysis is well proven.

关键词： finite element method     square footing     reliability analysis     fuzzy set theory     coefficient of variation     spatial variability    

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Same stimuli, different responses: a pilot study assessing air pollution visibility impacts on emotional well-being in a controlled environment

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1620-5

摘要：

● Emotional responses to visibility-reducing haze was assessed in a controlled lab.

关键词： Air pollution     Emotional wellbeing     Variability     Visual exposure     Emotional bias    

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Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Hong YAO, Shichao ZHANG, Xiaobo XUE, Jie YANG, Kelin HU, Xiaohua YU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第2期   页码 273-280 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0497-0

摘要： Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg , while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.

关键词： spatial variability     soil properties     groundwater and sewage irrigation    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Soil spatial variability impact on the behavior of a reinforced earth wall

Adam HAMROUNI, Daniel DIAS, Badreddine SBARTAI

期刊论文

Fuel variability effect on flickering frequency of diffusion flames

Jizhao LI, Yang ZHANG

期刊论文

Treatment, residual chlorine and season as factors affecting variability of trihalomethanes in small

Roberta DYCK,Geneviève COOL,Manuel RODRIGUEZ,Rehan SADIQ

期刊论文

Quantifying and mapping spatial variability of Shanghai household carbon footprints

Shangguang YANG,Chunlan WANG,Kevin LO,Mark WANG,Lin LIU

期刊论文

Distribution and temporal variability of the solar resource at a site in south-east Norway

Muyiwa S. ADARAMOLA

期刊论文

Shallow foundation response variability due to soil and model parameter uncertainty

Prishati RAYCHOWDHURY,Sumit JINDAL

期刊论文

Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

期刊论文

Variability of waste copper slag concrete and its effect on the seismic safety of reinforced concrete

期刊论文

The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial

Xiaofeng ZHANG,Xu ZHANG,Guanghe LI

期刊论文

极区海洋碳池变化性和脆弱性及其探测工程技术

陈立奇

期刊论文

Nexus security: governance, innovation and the resilient city

Michael Bruce BECK, Rodrigo VILLARROEL WALKER

期刊论文

Genetic variability of Appaloosa horses: a study of a closed breeding population from Argentina

Claudia Malena CORBI-BOTTO,Sebastian Andres SADABA,Elina Ines FRANCISCO,Paula Belen KALEMKERIAN,Juan Pedro LIRON,Egle Etel VILLEGAS-CASTAGNASSO,Guillermo GIOVAMBATTISTA,Pilar PERAL-GARCIA,Silvina DIAZ

期刊论文

Reliability assessment of three-dimensional bearing capacity of shallow foundation using fuzzy set theory

Rajarshi PRAMANIK, Dilip Kumar BAIDYA, Nirjhar DHANG

期刊论文

Same stimuli, different responses: a pilot study assessing air pollution visibility impacts on emotional well-being in a controlled environment

期刊论文

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Hong YAO, Shichao ZHANG, Xiaobo XUE, Jie YANG, Kelin HU, Xiaohua YU

期刊论文